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    "title_ar": "منهج كوبرنيكوس المنشور: العربية والإنجليزية",
    "title_en": "Published Copernicus Syllabus: Arabic and English",
    "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
    "source": "Official public syllabus endpoints used by the official website",
    "scope": "All populated syllabus categories of Natural Science, Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy",
    "translation_note_ar": "الإنجليزية من المصدر الرسمي؛ العربية ترجمة أُعدت لهذه الحزمة وليست نسخة عربية معتمدة من المنظم.",
    "content_note_ar": "يشمل الملف قوائم موضوعات المنهج كاملة كما نُشرت، وتوجيهات الفيزياء؛ لا يضم دروسًا مشروحة أو بنك أسئلة أو كتبًا غير منشورة في المصدر.",
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      "section": "life science",
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    },
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      "id": 2,
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      "section": "life science",
      "en": "Basic needs of living things",
      "ar": "الاحتياجات الأساسية للكائنات الحية",
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      "section": "life science",
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    },
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      "id": 4,
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      "section": "life science",
      "en": "Structures and functions of animals",
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      "en": "Parts and functions of the human body",
      "ar": "أجزاء جسم الإنسان ووظائفها",
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      "id": 7,
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      "section": "life science",
      "en": "Classification of animals - vertebrates and invertebrates",
      "ar": "تصنيف الحيوانات إلى فقاريات ولافقاريات",
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      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 3 and 4)",
      "section": "life science",
      "en": "Basic plant and animal adaptations to their environment",
      "ar": "التكيفات الأساسية للنباتات والحيوانات مع البيئة",
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      "id": 9,
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      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 3 and 4)",
      "section": "life science",
      "en": "Simple food chain",
      "ar": "السلسلة الغذائية البسيطة",
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      "section": "life science",
      "en": "Roles in ecosystem - producers, consumers, decomposer",
      "ar": "الأدوار في النظام البيئي: المنتجات والمستهلكات والمحللات",
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      "en": "Definition of matter",
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      "section": "physical science",
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      "ar": "خصائص المواد الصلبة والسائلة والغازية",
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      "ar": "تصنيف الأجسام إلى صلبة وسائلة وغازية",
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      "ar": "قياس الحجم والكتلة",
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      "ar": "تعريف القوة",
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      "en": "Effects of force on matter",
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      "ar": "تعريف الطاقة",
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      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 3 and 4)",
      "section": "physical science",
      "en": "Types of energy - potential and kinetic",
      "ar": "أنواع الطاقة: طاقة الوضع والطاقة الحركية",
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      "ar": "أشكال الطاقة",
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      "ar": "أنواع الطقس",
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      "en": "Calculating simple interest using the formula, where P is the principal amount, R is the rate, and T is the time period.",
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      "en": "Identifying and measuring acute, right, and obtuse angles.",
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      "en": "Understanding complementary and supplementary angles.",
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      "en": "3.4 Volume:",
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      "en": "4. 5. Identifying lines of symmetry in various shapes.",
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      "id": 260,
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      "id": 261,
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      "id": 263,
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      "en": "Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of a side in a right triangle.",
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      "id": 352,
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      "en": "Solving problems involving composite three-dimensional shapes.",
      "ar": "حل مسائل المجسمات المركبة",
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      "en": "Applying the law of sines and cosines to solve triangle problems.",
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      "en": "Using these laws in non-right triangles and real-life applications.",
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      "en": "4. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY",
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      "id": 360,
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      "category": "Category 4 (Grades 9 and 10)",
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      "en": "Calculating measures of central tendency.",
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      "id": 361,
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      "en": "Interpreting data using these measures.",
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      "id": 364,
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      "en": "Complementary events and independent events.",
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      "id": 366,
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      "section": "geometry",
      "en": "Basic combinatorics applied to probability problems.",
      "ar": "تطبيق التوافقيات الأساسية في مسائل الاحتمالات",
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      "id": 372,
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      "en": "Newton’s First, Second, and Third Laws.",
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      "en": "Resultant/net force and equilibrium.",
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      "en": "Mass and weight.",
      "ar": "الكتلة والوزن",
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      "ar": "القوة العمودية والاحتكاك والشد وقوة الجاذبية",
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      "en": "Simple magnetic force concepts.",
      "ar": "مفاهيم بسيطة للقوة المغناطيسية",
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      "en": "Free-body diagrams.",
      "ar": "مخططات الجسم الحر",
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      "en": "F = ma and simple applications.",
      "ar": "تطبيقات بسيطة على F = ma",
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      "en": "Balanced and unbalanced forces.",
      "ar": "القوى المتزنة وغير المتزنة",
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      "en": "Qualitative and quantitative friction problems appropriate to Grades 7–8.",
      "ar": "مسائل احتكاك نوعية وكمية مناسبة للصفين السابع والثامن",
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      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Students should be able to translate a physical situation into a force diagram and determine the resulting motion.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: تمثيل الحالة بمخطط قوى وتحديد الحركة الناتجة",
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      "en": "Work in simple mechanical situations.",
      "ar": "الشغل في حالات ميكانيكية بسيطة",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Kinetic energy.",
      "ar": "الطاقة الحركية",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Gravitational potential energy.",
      "ar": "طاقة وضع الجاذبية",
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    {
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      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Elastic potential energy at an introductory level.",
      "ar": "مقدمة في طاقة الوضع المرونية",
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    {
      "id": 482,
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Conservation of energy.",
      "ar": "حفظ الطاقة",
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      "id": 483,
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      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Energy transformations.",
      "ar": "تحولات الطاقة",
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      "en": "Power.",
      "ar": "القدرة",
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      "en": "Efficiency.",
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      "ar": "فقد الطاقة، خاصة بالاحتكاك والتسخين",
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      "en": "Momentum as mass × velocity.",
      "ar": "الزخم يساوي الكتلة مضروبة في السرعة المتجهة",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Conservation of momentum in simple one-dimensional situations.",
      "ar": "حفظ الزخم في حالات بسيطة أحادية البعد",
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    {
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      "en": "Simple collisions and separation problems.",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Impulse as a qualitative idea linking force and change in momentum.",
      "ar": "الدفع بوصفه مفهومًا يربط القوة بتغير الزخم",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Safety applications of momentum and collision time.",
      "ar": "تطبيقات السلامة المرتبطة بالزخم وزمن التصادم",
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      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Problems should remain one-dimensional and mathematically accessible.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: مسائل أحادية البعد ذات متطلبات رياضية مناسبة للمستوى",
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      "en": "Conditions for simple rotational equilibrium.",
      "ar": "شروط الاتزان الدوراني البسيط",
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      "ar": "ضغط السوائل وازدياده مع العمق",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 552,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Simple circuit diagrams.",
      "ar": "مخططات الدوائر البسيطة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 553,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Series and parallel circuits.",
      "ar": "دوائر التوالي والتوازي",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 554,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.",
      "ar": "العلاقة بين فرق الجهد والتيار والمقاومة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 555,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Electrical power and energy.",
      "ar": "القدرة والطاقة الكهربائيتان",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 556,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Simple circuit troubleshooting and safety.",
      "ar": "كشف الأعطال البسيطة والسلامة الكهربائية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 557,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Qualitative understanding of short circuits.",
      "ar": "الفهم النوعي للقصر الكهربائي",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 558,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Key relationships include V = IR and P = VI. Problems should use simple circuit arrangements appropriate to the age group.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: V = IR وP = VI وتطبيقهما في دوائر بسيطة مناسبة للعمر",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 559,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Unit 12 — Electromagnetic Waves",
      "ar": "الوحدة 12: الموجات الكهرومغناطيسية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "unit_heading",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 560,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Electromagnetic spectrum: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma radiation.",
      "ar": "الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي: الراديو والميكروويف وتحت الحمراء والمرئي وفوق البنفسجية والسينية وغاما",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 561,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Relative frequency, wavelength, and energy at a conceptual level.",
      "ar": "مقارنة التردد والطول الموجي والطاقة مفاهيميًا",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 562,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Basic communication, imaging, heating, and medical applications.",
      "ar": "تطبيقات أساسية في الاتصال والتصوير والتسخين والطب",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 563,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Basic awareness of safe and unsafe exposure.",
      "ar": "الوعي الأساسي بالتعرض الآمن وغير الآمن",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 564,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 1 (Grade 7 and 8)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: This unit is supporting content. Questions should avoid excessive memorization of applications or advanced electromagnetic theory.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: محتوى داعم بمستوى مفاهيمي دون توسع في الحفظ أو النظرية الكهرومغناطيسية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 1,
      "grade_min": 7,
      "grade_max": 8,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 1 — الصفان 7 و8",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 565,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 1 — Measurement, Vectors & Mathematical Methods",
      "ar": "الوحدة 1: القياس والمتجهات والطرق الرياضية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "unit_heading",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 566,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "SI units and dimensional analysis.",
      "ar": "وحدات النظام الدولي والتحليل البُعدي",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 567,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Scalars and vectors.",
      "ar": "الكميات القياسية والمتجهة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 568,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Vector addition and subtraction.",
      "ar": "جمع المتجهات وطرحها",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 569,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Resolution of vectors into components.",
      "ar": "تحليل المتجهات إلى مركبات",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 570,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Graphical and algebraic analysis of physical data.",
      "ar": "التحليل البياني والجبري للبيانات الفيزيائية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 571,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Estimation and approximation.",
      "ar": "التقدير والتقريب",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 572,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Significant figures and sensible precision.",
      "ar": "الأرقام المعنوية والدقة المناسبة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 573,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Students should be able to select an appropriate mathematical representation of a physical problem and check the consistency and reasonableness of results.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: اختيار التمثيل الرياضي المناسب وفحص اتساق النتائج ومعقوليتها",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 574,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 2 — Kinematics",
      "ar": "الوحدة 2: وصف الحركة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "unit_heading",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 575,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Displacement, velocity, and acceleration.",
      "ar": "الإزاحة والسرعة المتجهة والتسارع",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 576,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Uniform motion.",
      "ar": "الحركة المنتظمة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 577,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Uniformly accelerated motion.",
      "ar": "الحركة ذات التسارع المنتظم",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 578,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Equations of motion.",
      "ar": "معادلات الحركة",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 579,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Position–time, velocity–time, and acceleration–time graphs.",
      "ar": "رسوم الموقع والسرعة المتجهة والتسارع مع الزمن",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 2,
      "grade_min": 9,
      "grade_max": 10,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 2 — الصفان 9 و10",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 580,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Projectile motion.",
      "ar": "حركة المقذوفات",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
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      "ar": "الوحدة 3: ديناميكا الحركة والميكانيكا النيوتنية",
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      "en": "Newton’s First, Second, and Third Laws.",
      "ar": "قوانين نيوتن الأول والثاني والثالث",
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      "en": "Resultant and equilibrium forces.",
      "ar": "القوى المحصلة وقوى الاتزان",
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      "en": "Free-body diagrams.",
      "ar": "مخططات الجسم الحر",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Mass and weight.",
      "ar": "الكتلة والوزن",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Normal force.",
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      "en": "Friction and coefficient of friction.",
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      "en": "Tension and connected bodies.",
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      "en": "Motion on inclined planes.",
      "ar": "الحركة على المستويات المائلة",
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Systems of interacting bodies.",
      "ar": "أنظمة الأجسام المتفاعلة",
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      "en": "Applications of Newton’s laws to non-trivial mechanical systems.",
      "ar": "تطبيق قوانين نيوتن على أنظمة ميكانيكية غير بسيطة",
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      "en": "Unit 4 — Circular Motion & Gravitation",
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      "en": "Uniform circular motion.",
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      "ar": "القوة المركزية",
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Newton’s law of universal gravitation.",
      "ar": "قانون نيوتن للجذب العام",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Gravitational field and gravitational force.",
      "ar": "مجال الجاذبية وقوة الجاذبية",
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      "id": 603,
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      "section": "part 1",
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      "ar": "الحركة المدارية",
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Satellite speed and orbital period.",
      "ar": "سرعة القمر الصناعي وزمنه الدوري المداري",
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      "en": "Escape velocity at an introductory olympiad level.",
      "ar": "سرعة الإفلات بمستوى تمهيدي للأولمبياد",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "id": 606,
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
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      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Questions should emphasize the physical origin of centripetal acceleration and the connection between circular motion and gravitation.",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 607,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 5 — Work, Energy & Power",
      "ar": "الوحدة 5: الشغل والطاقة والقدرة",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 608,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Mechanical work.",
      "ar": "الشغل الميكانيكي",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    },
    {
      "id": 609,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Work done by a constant force.",
      "ar": "الشغل المبذول بقوة ثابتة",
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      "en": "Work–energy theorem.",
      "ar": "مبرهنة الشغل والطاقة",
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    {
      "id": 611,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Kinetic energy.",
      "ar": "الطاقة الحركية",
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    {
      "id": 612,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Gravitational and elastic potential energy.",
      "ar": "طاقة وضع الجاذبية وطاقة الوضع المرونية",
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      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
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      "en": "Conservation of mechanical energy.",
      "ar": "حفظ الطاقة الميكانيكية",
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      "en": "Power.",
      "ar": "القدرة",
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      "en": "Efficiency.",
      "ar": "الكفاءة",
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      "en": "Energy transformations and losses.",
      "ar": "تحولات الطاقة وفقدها",
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      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Students should be able to select between force-based and energy-based methods and recognize when each is more efficient.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: اختيار الطريقة الأنسب للحل باستخدام القوى أو الطاقة",
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      "en": "Linear momentum.",
      "ar": "الزخم الخطي",
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      "en": "Impulse.",
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      "ar": "مسائل التصادم أحادية البعد",
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      "ar": "انتقال الزخم وزمن التصادم",
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      "ar": "عزوم القوى",
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      "en": "Torque.",
      "ar": "عزم الدوران",
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      "ar": "الاتزان الدوراني",
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      "ar": "كفاءة الآلات",
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      "en": "Unit 8 — Matter, Fluids & Pressure",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Density.",
      "ar": "الكثافة",
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      "en": "Pressure and force per unit area.",
      "ar": "الضغط والقوة لكل وحدة مساحة",
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      "en": "Hydrostatic pressure.",
      "ar": "الضغط الهيدروستاتيكي",
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      "en": "Atmospheric pressure.",
      "ar": "الضغط الجوي",
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      "en": "Buoyancy.",
      "ar": "الطفو",
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      "en": "Archimedes’ principle.",
      "ar": "مبدأ أرخميدس",
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      "ar": "الطفو والغوص والتعليق",
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      "ar": "مقدمة في استمرارية جريان الموائع",
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      "ar": "مبدأ برنولي",
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      "ar": "الوحدة 9: الفيزياء الحرارية والديناميكا الحرارية",
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      "ar": "التمدد الحراري",
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      "ar": "الإشعاع الحراري",
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      "en": "Wave–particle duality.",
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      "en": "Photoelectric effect.",
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      "en": "Einstein’s photoelectric equation.",
      "ar": "معادلة أينشتاين للتأثير الكهروضوئي",
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      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "de Broglie wavelength.",
      "ar": "طول موجة دي برولي",
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      "en": "Heisenberg uncertainty principle at a conceptual level.",
      "ar": "مبدأ عدم اليقين لهايزنبرغ على مستوى مفاهيمي",
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      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: الأفكار الأساسية والعلاقات الكمية البسيطة في الفيزياء الحديثة",
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      "ar": "الوحدة 18: الفيزياء النووية والنشاط الإشعاعي",
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      "en": "Rutherford and Bohr atomic models.",
      "ar": "نموذجا رذرفورد وبور للذرة",
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      "en": "Nuclear structure.",
      "ar": "التركيب النووي",
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      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.",
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      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Radioactive decay.",
      "ar": "الاضمحلال الإشعاعي",
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      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Half-life.",
      "ar": "عمر النصف",
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Nuclear equations.",
      "ar": "المعادلات النووية",
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grade 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "Nuclear fission.",
      "ar": "الانشطار النووي",
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      "en": "Nuclear fusion.",
      "ar": "الاندماج النووي",
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      "ar": "مقدمة في تكافؤ الكتلة والطاقة",
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      "ar": "مبرهنة الدفع والزخم",
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      "ar": "مبرهنة الشغل والطاقة",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "en": "Conservation of mechanical energy.",
      "ar": "حفظ الطاقة الميكانيكية",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "ar": "الزخم الزاوي",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "id": 782,
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      "en": "Conservation of angular momentum.",
      "ar": "حفظ الزخم الزاوي",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "ar": "مركز الكتلة لأنظمة الجسيمات والأجسام المتصلة",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
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      "ar": "تطبيقات تمهيدية للأطر المرجعية غير العطالية",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
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      "en": "Applications of conservation laws to complex mechanical systems.",
      "ar": "تطبيق قوانين الحفظ على أنظمة ميكانيكية معقدة",
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      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Students should be able to select and combine conservation laws to solve complex mechanical problems.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: اختيار قوانين الحفظ والجمع بينها لحل مسائل ميكانيكية معقدة",
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    },
    {
      "id": 787,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 2 — Collisions, Impulse & Centre of Mass",
      "ar": "الوحدة 2: التصادمات والدفع ومركز الكتلة",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    },
    {
      "id": 788,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Elastic, inelastic, and perfectly inelastic collisions.",
      "ar": "التصادمات المرنة وغير المرنة وغير المرنة تمامًا",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 789,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "One-dimensional and two-dimensional collisions.",
      "ar": "التصادمات أحادية البعد وثنائية البعد",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 790,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Coefficient of restitution.",
      "ar": "معامل الارتداد",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 3,
      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 791,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Impulse from constant and time-dependent forces.",
      "ar": "الدفع الناتج عن قوى ثابتة ومتغيرة مع الزمن",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 3,
      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 792,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Impulse as the integral of force over time.",
      "ar": "الدفع بوصفه تكامل القوة بالنسبة إلى الزمن",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 793,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Centre-of-mass motion in collisions and explosions.",
      "ar": "حركة مركز الكتلة في التصادمات والانفجارات",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 794,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Momentum transfer in multi-particle systems.",
      "ar": "انتقال الزخم في أنظمة متعددة الجسيمات",
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      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Calculus-based impulse and two-dimensional collision analysis may be used at olympiad level.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: إمكان استخدام التكامل لحساب الدفع وتحليل التصادم في بُعدين",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "en": "Unit 3 — Rotational Dynamics",
      "ar": "الوحدة 3: ديناميكا الدوران",
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      "id": 797,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration.",
      "ar": "الإزاحة الزاوية والسرعة الزاوية والتسارع الزاوي",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 798,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Torque and rotational equilibrium.",
      "ar": "عزم القوة والاتزان الدوراني",
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      "grade_min": 11,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 799,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Moment of inertia.",
      "ar": "عزم القصور الذاتي",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 800,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Parallel-axis theorem.",
      "ar": "نظرية المحور الموازي",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 801,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Rotational form of Newton’s second law.",
      "ar": "الصيغة الدورانية لقانون نيوتن الثاني",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 802,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Rotational kinetic energy.",
      "ar": "الطاقة الحركية الدورانية",
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      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 803,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Rolling without slipping.",
      "ar": "التدحرج دون انزلاق",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 804,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Combined translational and rotational motion.",
      "ar": "الحركة الانتقالية والدورانية المركبة",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
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    {
      "id": 805,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Angular momentum and torque.",
      "ar": "الزخم الزاوي وعزم القوة",
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    {
      "id": 806,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Problems should connect translational and rotational descriptions rather than treating rotation as an isolated topic.",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
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    {
      "id": 807,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 4 — Gravitation & Orbital Mechanics",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
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      "content_type": "unit_heading",
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    {
      "id": 808,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Newton’s law of universal gravitation.",
      "ar": "قانون نيوتن للجذب العام",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 809,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
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      "en": "Gravitational field and potential.",
      "ar": "مجال الجاذبية وجهدها",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 810,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Gravitational potential energy.",
      "ar": "طاقة وضع الجاذبية",
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      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
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    {
      "id": 811,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Kepler’s laws.",
      "ar": "قوانين كبلر",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 812,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Derivation and applications of orbital motion.",
      "ar": "اشتقاق علاقات الحركة المدارية وتطبيقها",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 813,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Orbital velocity and period.",
      "ar": "السرعة المدارية والزمن الدوري",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 814,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Escape velocity.",
      "ar": "سرعة الإفلات",
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      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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    {
      "id": 815,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
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      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: Calculus may be required for work and entropy integrals. Statistical definitions of entropy may be treated conceptually or quantitatively where appropriate.",
      "ar": "تركيز الأولمبياد: إمكان استخدام التكامل للشغل والإنتروبيا وتناول تعريفاتها الإحصائية مفاهيميًا أو كميًا بحسب المسألة",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 845,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 7 — Electromagnetic Induction & AC Circuits",
      "ar": "الوحدة 7: الحث الكهرومغناطيسي ودوائر التيار المتردد",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "unit_heading",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 846,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Magnetic flux.",
      "ar": "الفيض المغناطيسي",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 847,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Faraday’s law.",
      "ar": "قانون فاراداي",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 848,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Lenz’s law.",
      "ar": "قانون لنز",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
      "category_number": 3,
      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 849,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Motional EMF.",
      "ar": "القوة الدافعة الكهربائية الحركية",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 850,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Induced electric fields.",
      "ar": "المجالات الكهربائية المستحثة",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 851,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Energy conservation in electromagnetic induction.",
      "ar": "حفظ الطاقة في الحث الكهرومغناطيسي",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 852,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Eddy currents and magnetic braking.",
      "ar": "التيارات الدوامية والكبح المغناطيسي",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 853,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Transformers.",
      "ar": "المحولات",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
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      "grade_min": 11,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 854,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "AC voltage and current.",
      "ar": "الجهد والتيار المترددان",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "id": 855,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "RMS values.",
      "ar": "القيم الفعالة RMS",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 856,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Inductive and capacitive reactance.",
      "ar": "المفاعلة الحثية والسعوية",
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      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Impedance.",
      "ar": "الممانعة",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 858,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Series and parallel RLC circuits.",
      "ar": "دوائر المقاومة والمحث والمكثف RLC على التوالي والتوازي",
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      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "id": 859,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Phase relationships.",
      "ar": "علاقات الطور",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
      "subject_en": "Physics",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
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      "id": 860,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Resonance.",
      "ar": "الرنين",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/physics-astronomy/",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "id": 861,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "AC power.",
      "ar": "قدرة التيار المتردد",
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      "subject_ar": "الفيزياء",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "id": 862,
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Olympiad emphasis: RLC and phasor problems should remain within the mathematical methods expected at advanced secondary-school level.",
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      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "emphasis",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Unit 8 — Waves, Interference & Diffraction",
      "ar": "الوحدة 8: الموجات والتداخل والحيود",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "unit_heading",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Wave equation and wave parameters.",
      "ar": "معادلة الموجة ومعلماتها",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "en": "Superposition principle.",
      "ar": "مبدأ التراكب",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
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      "en": "Phase difference.",
      "ar": "فرق الطور",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
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      "ar": "التداخل",
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      "en": "Constructive and destructive interference.",
      "ar": "التداخل البنّاء والهدّام",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "ar": "الموجات الواقفة",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "id": 870,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grade 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Resonance.",
      "ar": "الرنين",
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "id": 871,
      "subject": "physics-astronomy",
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      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "Young’s double-slit experiment.",
      "ar": "تجربة شقي يونغ",
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      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
      "content_type": "syllabus_item",
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      "en": "Diffraction from a single slit.",
      "ar": "الحيود من شق واحد",
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      "grade_min": 11,
      "grade_max": 12,
      "category_ar": "الفئة 3 — الصفان 11 و12",
      "section_ar": "الجزء الأول",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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      "id": 873,
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      "en": "Diffraction gratings.",
      "ar": "محزوزات الحيود",
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      "ar": "عامل لورنتز",
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      "ar": "الزخم النسبي",
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      "en": "Mass–energy equivalence.",
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      "ar": "16. الاطلاع على البعثات والإطلاقات الفضائية الكبرى الحديثة والاكتشافات الفلكية والأحداث السماوية المهمة",
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    {
      "id": 993,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "1. Detailed study of the Sun and its properties",
      "ar": "1. دراسة مفصلة للشمس وخصائصها",
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    },
    {
      "id": 994,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "2. The life cycle of stars, including their birth, evolution, and death",
      "ar": "2. دورة حياة النجوم، بما فيها نشأتها وتطورها ونهايتها",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
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    },
    {
      "id": 995,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "3. Stellar properties, such as luminosity, temperature, and size",
      "ar": "3. خصائص النجوم، مثل اللمعان ودرجة الحرارة والحجم",
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    {
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      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "4. Stellar classification and the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram",
      "ar": "4. التصنيف النجمي ومخطط هرتزبرونغ وراسل",
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    },
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      "id": 997,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "5. Types of galaxies — spiral, elliptical, and irregular",
      "ar": "5. أنواع المجرات: الحلزونية والإهليلجية وغير المنتظمة",
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    },
    {
      "id": 998,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "6. Galactic structure and the Milky Way",
      "ar": "6. بنية المجرات ومجرة درب التبانة",
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    {
      "id": 999,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "7. The concept of the expanding universe and its implications",
      "ar": "7. مفهوم تمدد الكون وآثاره",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
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    {
      "id": 1000,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "8. The Big Bang Theory and the origin of the universe",
      "ar": "8. نظرية الانفجار العظيم ونشأة الكون",
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    {
      "id": 1001,
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      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "9. Dark matter and dark energy",
      "ar": "9. المادة المظلمة والطاقة المظلمة",
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    {
      "id": 1002,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "10. Cosmic microwave background radiation",
      "ar": "10. إشعاع الخلفية الكونية الميكروي",
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    {
      "id": 1003,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "11. The study of exoplanets and their potential habitability",
      "ar": "11. دراسة الكواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية وإمكان صلاحيتها للحياة",
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    {
      "id": 1004,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "12. The search for extraterrestrial life",
      "ar": "12. البحث عن حياة خارج الأرض",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1005,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "13. The Drake Equation and the Fermi Paradox",
      "ar": "13. معادلة دريك ومفارقة فيرمي",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1006,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "14. Supernovae and black holes",
      "ar": "14. المستعرات العظمى والثقوب السوداء",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1007,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "15. Gamma-ray bursts and quasars",
      "ar": "15. انفجارات أشعة غاما والكوازارات",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1008,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "16. The study of cosmic phenomena using telescopes and space missions",
      "ar": "16. دراسة الظواهر الكونية بالتلسكوبات والبعثات الفضائية",
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      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1009,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "17. Principles and applications of launch vehicles, satellite orbits, spacecraft, probes, space stations, and ground- and space-based telescopes.",
      "ar": "17. مبادئ وتطبيقات مركبات الإطلاق ومدارات الأقمار الصناعية والمركبات والمسابير والمحطات الفضائية والتلسكوبات الأرضية والفضائية",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1010,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "18. Understanding recent space missions and astronomical discoveries, their scientific objectives, and how modern observational technologies contribute to their findings.",
      "ar": "18. فهم البعثات الفضائية والاكتشافات الفلكية الحديثة وأهدافها العلمية ودور تقنيات الرصد الحديثة في نتائجها",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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    {
      "id": 1011,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 2 (Grades 9 and 10)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "All topics of Category 1 (Grades 7–8) shall also be included.",
      "ar": "تشمل كذلك جميع موضوعات الفئة 1 للصفين السابع والثامن",
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    {
      "id": 1012,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "1. Stellar formation and evolution, including the life cycles of various types of stars",
      "ar": "1. نشأة النجوم وتطورها ودورات حياة أنواعها المختلفة",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 1013,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "2. Stellar nucleosynthesis and the creation of elements",
      "ar": "2. التخليق النووي النجمي وتكوّن العناصر",
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      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
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    {
      "id": 1014,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "3. Supernovae and neutron stars",
      "ar": "3. المستعرات العظمى والنجوم النيوترونية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
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      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 1015,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "4. The structure and dynamics of galaxies",
      "ar": "4. بنية المجرات وديناميكيتها",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1016,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "5. Active galactic nuclei, including quasars and blazars",
      "ar": "5. النوى المجرية النشطة، بما فيها الكوازارات والبلازارات",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1017,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 1",
      "en": "6. Galaxy clusters and the large-scale structure of the universe",
      "ar": "6. عناقيد المجرات وبنية الكون واسعة النطاق",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1018,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "7. The expanding universe and the Hubble Law",
      "ar": "7. تمدد الكون وقانون هابل",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1019,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "8. Cosmic microwave background radiation",
      "ar": "8. إشعاع الخلفية الكونية الميكروي",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1020,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "9. Dark matter, dark energy, and the fate of the universe",
      "ar": "9. المادة المظلمة والطاقة المظلمة ومصير الكون",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
      "subject_ar": "الفلك",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 1021,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "10. Inflationary theory and the Big Bang",
      "ar": "10. نظرية التضخم الكوني والانفجار العظيم",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
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    },
    {
      "id": 1022,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "11. Advanced space and observational technologies, including rocket propulsion, launch systems, orbital motion, spacecraft trajectories, electromagnetic observations, spectroscopy, imaging, and astronomical detectors.",
      "ar": "11. التقنيات الفضائية والرصدية المتقدمة: دفع الصواريخ وأنظمة الإطلاق والحركة المدارية ومسارات المركبات والرصد الكهرومغناطيسي والتحليل الطيفي والتصوير والكواشف الفلكية",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
      "verified_at": "2026-10-01",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    },
    {
      "id": 1023,
      "subject": "astronomy",
      "category": "Category 3 (Grades 11 and 12)",
      "section": "part 2",
      "en": "12. Analysis of contemporary space missions and astronomical research, including their scientific objectives, observational methods, data and findings, and emerging developments in space exploration.",
      "ar": "12. تحليل البعثات الفضائية والأبحاث الفلكية المعاصرة، بما فيها أهدافها العلمية وطرق الرصد والبيانات والنتائج والتطورات الناشئة في استكشاف الفضاء",
      "source_url": "https://copernicusolympiad.com/astronomy/",
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      "grade_max": 12,
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      "section_ar": "الجزء الثاني",
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      "translation_status": "translated_for_this_package"
    }
  ]
}